Where reasoning goes wrong
A plain-language reference of the ways reasoning goes wrong—in the arguments people make and in the minds that make them. Each entry explains one fallacy or bias and shows it in action.
Flaws in arguments
Logical fallacies
Patterns of reasoning that look persuasive but fail to support their conclusion—whether by invalid structure or by misleading use of language, evidence, or authority.
Flaws in thinking
Cognitive biases
Systematic tendencies in how we perceive, remember, and judge—shortcuts and blind spots we bring to a situation before anyone has argued with us.